![]() "I CAN'T HELP IT!", she yelled as she looked at me and looked back at Natsu. "You don't have to go that far, Aurelie.", I muttered. "HEY! STOP BEING DOWN AND SMILE DAMMIT!!!!!" We reacted with surprise as she got up and walked to Natsu, stomping.Īurelie grabbed Natsu's scarf by force and pulled him up. Lucy whispered to Happy, "Do you know why Natsu is upset?"Īurelie pouted, "UGH! I HATE IT WHEN IT GETS TENSE!!!" "Natsu.", Happy muttered with a sad tone. ![]() We looked at him with worried looks on our faces. ![]() I noticed his look and asked, "Hey, Natsu. Firstly, this chapter shows investigations for stellar superflares on solar-type stars using the data of the Kepler and Gaia space telescopes.All of us sat around the table as Natsu looked down. This chapter summarizes survey extensions for extreme solar storms using two alternative methods. However, such extreme solar storms are relatively rare and, in turn, difficult to capture in our modern scientific measurements. Among them, extreme solar storms significantly disturb the solar-terrestrial environments and pose serious threats to the technological infrastructure of modern civilization. Solar eruptions occasionally launch geoeffective interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) and high-energy particles. To maintain consistency of atmospheric and geophysical models, the impact of stellar flares and CMEs on atmospheres of close-in exoplanetary systems needs to be studied in conjunction with the effect on planetary interiors. The associated volcanism and outgassing may continuously replenish the atmosphere and thereby mitigate the erosion of the atmosphere caused by the direct impact of flares and CMEs. Furthermore, our model predicts that Joule heating can further be enhanced for planets with an intrinsic magnetic field compared to those without. Particularly for the innermost planets, our results suggest that the heat dissipated in the silicate mantle is both of sufficient magnitude and longevity to drive geological processes and hence facilitate volcanism and outgassing of the TRAPPIST-1 planets. Our model is posed in a stochastic manner to account for uncertainty and variability in input parameters. We construct a physical model to study this effect and apply it to the TRAPPIST-1 star whose flaring activity has been constrained by Kepler observations. Here, we show that the magnetic flux carried by flare-associated CMEs results in planetary interior heating by ohmic dissipation and leads to a variety of interior–exterior interactions. Until now, studies that address the long-term impact of stellar flares and associated coronal mass ejections (CMEs) assumed that the planet’s interior remains unaffected by interplanetary CMEs, only considering the effect of plasma/UV interactions on the atmosphere of planets. ![]() Many stars of different spectral types with planets in the habitable zone are known to emit flares. In addition, we discuss also magnetic fields and exoplanets, orbiting these stars. Order of $10^$ erg for the largest flare of our samples, lasting longer than 4 h. Superflares on 23 solar-type stars whose bolometric energy ranges from the Sampling in order to detect superflares with short duration. We searched for superflares on solar-type stars using Kepler data with 1 min ![]()
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